The Veste Oberhaus was built in 1219 - that's four years after the Magna Carta was signed - and was the home of the Bishop of Passau. As you can see, it has a nice location overlooking Passau; the city is on "this side" of the Danube. Passau was an independent state, so you never knew who might drop by to try to take it.
Between 1250 and 1482, the fortress was attacked five times. In two cases, the people of Passau did the attacking, which at the least is pretty interesting. By 1802, the Bishop had to give up his claim to the place, which was turned into a prison for a while. Now it's the home of a theater, museum and youth hostel.
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